WhatsApp Was Extensively Abused For Spreading Misinformation During 2019 Elections In India

It happens in the blink of an eye: You receive a forward on WhatsApp and send it your contacts without a second thought but there are larger games at play as a new report suggests that the popular instant messaging application was widely abused during the 2019 general elections in India.

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Despite WhatsApp's efforts to reduce the spread of fake news by limiting the number of forwards to five, the platform was extensively abused to spread unfounded rumours and create misinformation campaigns during recent elections in India and Brazil, News Agency IANS reported, citing a study.

The study conducted by researchers from the Federal University of Minas Gerais in Brazil and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the US said that Facebook-owned WhatsApp particularly failed in blocking the propagation of misinformation campaigns through public groups.

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In the study, the researchers wanted to find out how effective WhatsApp's efforts were in countering the spread of misinformation circulating on the platform. They analysed the data around the election day, 60 days before and 15 after, in three countries -- India, Brazil and Indonesia.

"Our results suggest that the current efforts deployed by WhatsApp can offer significant delays on the information spread, but they are ineffective in blocking the propagation of misinformation campaigns through public groups when the content has a high viral nature," the authors wrote in a paper published on pre-print repository arXiv.org.

The research pointed out that WhatsApp allows the connection among like-minded individuals through chat groups which have a limit of 256 users and can be private or public.

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As chat groups on WhatsApp are mostly private, it is harder to monitor than Facebook or Twitter discussions. The researchers joined several WhatsApp public groups and analysed messages posted on these platforms.

Their analysis showed that while most of the images (80 per cent) last no more than two days, there are images in Brazil and in India that continued to appear even after two months of the first appearance.

And even if the 80 per cent images last no more than two days in WhatsApp that can be already enough to infect half of users in public groups, leaving 20 per cent of messages with a time span sufficient to be viral.

"Our results show that content can spread quite fast through the network structure of public groups in WhatsApp, reaching later the private groups and individual users," the study said.

In the run up to the Lok Sabha elections, held in seven phases from April 11 to May 19, WhatsApp introduced several measures to prevent the spread of misinformation on its platform.

Besides limiting the number of messages one can forward at a time, the instant messaging platform also added a label that highlights when a user receives a message that has been forwarded to them. It also launched campaigns to educate people on the dangers of fake news.

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According to WhatsApp, 9 in 10 messages on the platform are sent between two people and the average group has less than 10 people.

The company had said it would continue to look for ways to help address these challenges through its product and partnership with civil society.

India has seen a rising tide of misinformation and distortion of history in recent years. Alternative truths and contesting opinions are presented in a manner that they are the absolute truth. With Illiteracy still looming large, it is not difficult to assess why people tend to believe them.

This is, however, a dangerous precedent as it not only monopolises the public sentiment during the course of an election but also steals from the public their democratic rights even without them realising it.

With IANS Inputs